The bilateral tension between Israel and Iran is one of the most important political and military hotspots not only for the contemporary Middle East but also for the whole world as a breakout of open war would undoubtedly have tremendous regional and global consequences. This bilateral tension comes in several guises. The goal of this paper is first and foremost to analyse the sources of the mutual distrust as well as the layers of the conflict including the political dimension, the psychological and propaganda warfare, as well as the military dimension, which is carried out in several ways: from limited military interventions (direct and indirect) to operations carried out by special forces. Apart from the research question on factors determining the existing tension, it is also essential to ask questions about the possibilities of ending this dispute and whether – in case of a failure of such a scenario – this rivalry could transform into open war